This book concentrates on three main challenges of video coding for mobile communications: higher coding efficiency, reduced computational complexity, and improved error resilience. Unlike other high level books and articles that focus on individual aspects in this field, this book has been designed as a quick, easy, and practical introduction to all of the fundamentals and standards of video source coding. will be of particular interest to the thousands of engineers and computer scientists who are working to link our global economy through mobile multimedia communications.

Table of Contents

Preface

About the Authors

List of Acronyms

• 1 Introduction to Mobile Video Communications 1
• Pt. I Introduction to Video Coding 7
• 2 Video Coding: Fundamentals 9
• 2.1 Overview 9
• 2.2 What Is Video? 9
• 2.3 Analog Video 9
• 2.4 Digital Video 13
• 2.5 Video Coding Basics 17
• 2.6 Intraframe Coding 28
• 2.7 Interframe Coding 38
• 3 Video Coding: Standards 43
• 3.1 Overview 43
• 3.2 The Need for Video Coding Standards 43
• 3.3 Chronological Development 44
• 3.4 The H.263 Standard 49
• 3.5 The MPEG-4 Standard 72
• Pt. II Coding Efficiency 91
• 4 Basic Motion Estimation Techniques 93
• 4.1 Overview 93
• 4.2 Motion Estimation 93
• 4.3 Differential Methods 98
• 4.4 Pel-Recursive Methods 100
• 4.5 Frequency-Domain Methods 102
• 4.6 Block-Matching Methods 105
• 4.7 A Comparative Study 117
• 4.8 Efficiency of Block Matching at Very Low Bit Rates 122
• 4.9 Discussion 124
• 5 Warping-Based Motion Estimation Techniques 125
• 5.1 Overview 125
• 5.2 Warping-Based Methods: A Review 125
• 5.3 Efficiency of Warping-Based Methods at Very Low Bit Rates 134
• 5.4 Discussion 139
• 6 Multiple-Reference Motion Estimation Techniques 141
• 6.1 Overview 141
• 6.2 Multiple-Reference Motion Estimation: A Review 142
• 6.3 Long-Term Memory Motion Compensated Prediction 144
• 6.4 Discussion 154
• Pt. III Computational Complexity 157
• 7 Reduced-Complexity Motion Estimation Techniques 159
• 7.1 Overview 159
• 7.2 The Need for Reduced-Complexity Motion Estimation 159
• 7.3 Techniques Based on a Reduced Set of Motion Vector Candidates 161
• 7.4 Techniques Based on a Reduced-Complexity Block Distortion Measure
• 163
• 7.5 Techniques Based on a Subsampled Block Motion Field 164
• 7.6 Hierarchical Search Techniques 166
• 7.7 Fast Full-Search Techniques 168
• 7.8 A Comparative Study 170
• 7.9 Discussion 173
• 8 The Simplex Minimization Search 175
• 8.1 Overview 175
• 8.2 Block Matching: An Optimization Problem 176
• 8.3 The Simplex Minimization (SM) Optimization Method 177
• 8.4 The Simplex Minimization Search (SMS) 181
• 8.5 Simulation Results 183
• 8.6 Simplex Minimization for Multiple-Reference Motion Estimation 196
• 8.7 Discussion 202
• Pt. IV Error Resilience 203
• 9 Error-Resilience Video Coding Techniques 205
• 9.1 Overview 205
• 9.2 A Typical Video Communication System 205
• 9.3 Types of Errors 206
• 9.4 Effects of Errors 207
• 9.5 Error Detection 209
• 9.6 Forward Techniques 210
• 9.7 Postprocessing (or Concealment) Techniques 219
• 9.8 Interactive Techniques 224
• 9.9 Discussion 229
• 10 Error Concealment Using Motion Field Interpolation 231
• 10.1 Overview 231
• 10.2 Temporal Error Concealment Using Motion Field Interpolation (MFI)
• 232
• 10.3 Temporal Error Concealment Using a Combined BM-MFI Technique 236
• 10.4 Simulation Results 237
• 10.5 Temporal Error Concealment for Multiple-Reference Motion-
• Compensated Prediction 246
• 10.6 Discussion 255
• App. A.1 Notation and Assumptions 259
• App. A.2 The Two-Dimensional Logarithmic Search (TDL) 260
• App. A.3 The N-Steps Search (NSS) 261
• App. A.4 The One-at-a-Time Search (OTS) 262
• App. A.5 The Cross Search Algorithm (CSA) 263
• App. A.6 The Diamond Search (DS) 265

Bibliography 267

Index 283